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Before the invention of the microprocessor, most computers were Mainframe Computers which had a powerful central processing unit usually housed in a large cabinet. A backplane consisting of a number of interconnected slots allows the bus to be used to easily connect additional peripherals and capabilities. The term “backplane" is also used with modern personal computers.
The motherboard acts like a backplane and allows additional components to be added to the overall computer system to add different capabilities.
Dual Inline Memory Modules or DIMMs as they are known provide the main computer memory in the form of DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory). Dynamic memory requires frequent charging, so when power is lost, information is quickly lost. These DIMMs connect to the Motherboard through special slots on the Motherboard itself.
The chipset incorporated in the motherboard provides communication between the main processor and other external devices such as memory and graphics controllers as well as some slower speed devices such as Ethernet, Wireless Controllers and USB devices.
Computer systems must include a form of Non-Volatile memory to store important information such as BIOS or Firmware. This type of memory is often in the form of Flash ROM, which for technical reasons, is not very suitable as a main memory system. Another variation of this type of memory is NVRAM (Non-Volatile Random Access Memory) as used with some computer networking devices such as Routers and Data Switches. With Non-Volatile memory, information is retained after a major power outage.
Expansion slots on the motherboard allow additional capabilities that are not possible directly from the motherboard itself. Devices such as graphics cards, Network cards, SAN (Storage Area Network) cards and Modem cards. A hard disk controller is also required to provide communication and data transfer to the connected Hard Disk Drive, so usually a slot is also required for this. Because computer system manufacturers are always trying to produce products in smaller sizes, low profile cards have been developed to take up less space in a computer system chassis.
Each area of the entire system such as DRAM, CPU, expansion cards, and non-volatile memory requires power and must be connected to the computer's power supply through connectors from the Motherboard.
All subsystems and components of a computer system must be synchronized from the same source if they are to function as one overall system, so they require some form of clocking signal for this purpose. Most low-end systems use a single-phase clock from a single clock generator that produces a square wave signal at a constant frequency. Single phase refers to the fact that the signal is carried on a single copper cable. Some more complex systems will use 2 or even 4 phase clocking signals to be able to synchronize multiple subsystems or components.
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